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Sabtu, 24 Desember 2011

Mengenal Teknologi MP3

Petualangan MP3 dimulai sekitar tahun 1987 ketika Institut Fraunhofer di Jerman ingin menandingi teknologi CD Audio dengan cara teknik kompresi. Menggagas MP3 tidak lepas dari format file MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group). Dia adalah format standar dalam penyimpanan dan pendistribusian data multimedia terkompresi. Sebenarnya format MPEG terdiri atas tiga layer (lapisan). Layer pertama adalah frame (bingkai gambar), layer kedua adalah motion (gerakan), dan layer ketiga adalah suara. Nah, file MP3 adalah khusus menangani layer suara saja. Maka itulah dinamakan MPEG Layer 3. Format file MP3 pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Karlheinz Brandenburg pada sekitar tahun 1996 dan sekaligus menemukan algoritma Fraunhofer.

Cara kerjanya adalah menghilangkan suara-suara pada frekuensi yang tidak dapat didengar oleh telinga manusia. Apabila sebuah CD Audio dengan format CDDA berkapasitas sekitar 640 Mb hanya mampu menyimpan rekaman sepanjang 70 menit, maka format MP3 memungkinkan sebuah file audio dengan data rate 128 kpbs sepanjang 1 menit hanya menghabiskan spasi sebesar 1 MB pada media penyimpanan. Sehingga jangan heran bila ratusan lagu (4-5 Mb) bisa dijejalkan dalam sebuah CD.

Memang betul MP3 tidak sekualitas CD, tetapi lebih baik dari kaset karena dikompresi dengan metode lossy. Bagi kebanyakan orang, perbedaan ini hampir-hampir tidak terasa. Hanya dari kalangan profesional audio (audiophile) saja yang bisa merasakan adanya perbedaan kualitas suara. Sebenarnya jenis audio digital juga banyak, walaupun tidak semuanya populer dan bisa dimainkan di suatu player.

MP3Pro, satu rumpun dengan MP3 tapi bit rate-nya lebih rendah, umumnya berjalan dengan bit rate 64 Kbps. Biasanya audio digital yang memiliki bit rate kurang dari 128 Kbps akan bermutu rendah. Namun, suaranya lebih nyaman jika dibandingkan dengan MP3, tapi tetap kalah dengan CD. File dimainkan dengan MusicMatch JukeBox (http://www.musicmatch.com/) atau Magix MP3 Maker Platinum (http://www.magix.com/).

FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), sebuah produk yang bersifat open source. Bedanya, Flac tidak banyak membuang informasi dalam suara (lossless codec), sehingga ukuran file-nya pun jauh lebih besar ketimbang file audio lain. Kualitas suaranya boleh dibilang mendekati aslinya, jauh lebih jernih jika dibandingkan dengan MP3. Hasil kompresinya hanya 2/3 dari ukuran asli. Untuk detailnya bisa lihat di http://www.dbpoweramp.com.
AAC, atau MP4 dimaksudkan sebagai penerus MP3. Diciptakan untuk kebutuhan transfer data yang lebih cepat, sehingga lebih enak dipakai di internet, wireless, dan audio streaming. Meski ukuran file-nya lebih kecil, mutu suaranya lebih bagus dengan bit rate 128 Kbps

Ogg Vorbis, menghasilkan file berekstensi Ogg. Penemunya Chris Montgomery di MIT (Massachussets Institute of Technology). Sifat produknya open source. File ini berukuran kecil. Lebih kecil dan lebih bagus kualitasnya ketimbang MP3, sehingga bisa hemat space dan bandwidth. Kualitas Ogg selalu berubah-ubah karena dikembangkan banyak orang. Mutunya berdasarkan skala 1 sampai 10. Umumnya dipakai skala 3, setara dengan bit rate 128 Kbps. Info lengkap dapat dibaca di http://www.vorbis.com/.

WAV, kependekan dari Wave. Produk Microsoft dan menjadi standar file audio dalam komputer untuk Sistem Operasi, Game, maupun file suara lain yang kualitas suaranya setara dengan CD. Tetapi ukuranya besar sekali sebab tidak mengalami proses kompresi.

WMA (Windows Media Audio), temuan Microsoft tapi kalah pamor dengan MP3. Mulai merebak di kalangan pengguna windows karena berhubungan dengan hak cipta. Keunggulannya dapat melindungi file audio sehingga tidak bisa dimainkan atau disalin dengan sembarangan. WMA versi 9 hanya mampu merapatkan file sekitar 19 MB dari file asli sebesar 30 MB dan hanya Windows Media Player yang dapat menjalankannya.

http://gonglaras.blogspot.com/2009/02/mengenal-teknologi-mp3.html

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